How To Build An Outdoor Wood Burning Stove

An outdoor wood burning stove offers a versatile solution for cooking, heating, and creating a cozy ambiance in outdoor spaces. Building one requires careful planning, proper materials, and adherence to safety guidelines. This article provides a comprehensive guide on how to construct a functional and durable outdoor wood burning stove.

Planning and Design Considerations

Before commencing construction, a detailed plan is essential. This includes selecting an appropriate location, determining the stove's size and design, and ensuring compliance with local regulations. Consider these key factors during the planning phase:

Location: The stove should be situated in a safe location, away from flammable materials such as dry vegetation, overhanging trees, and structures. A level surface is crucial for stability. Consider wind direction to minimize smoke nuisance to neighbors. Also, check for any local ordinances or restrictions regarding open fires or outdoor burning.

Size and Design: The size of the stove should be proportionate to its intended use. A small stove might suffice for cooking, while a larger stove is necessary for heating a larger area. The design can range from a simple barrel stove to a more elaborate brick or stone structure. Consider factors such as ease of access for loading wood, airflow management, and smoke control.

Materials: The choice of materials significantly impacts the stove's durability and performance. Common materials include fire bricks, refractory cement, steel drums, and metal piping. Fire bricks are essential for lining the firebox, as they can withstand high temperatures. Refractory cement binds the bricks together and seals gaps. Steel drums can be used as the stove's body, while metal piping serves as the chimney. Select materials that are specifically designed for high-temperature applications and are resistant to corrosion.

Safety: Safety is paramount when building an outdoor wood burning stove. Ensure that the stove is constructed with a stable base and that all joints are properly sealed to prevent leaks. Install a spark arrestor on the chimney to prevent embers from escaping. Keep a fire extinguisher or water source nearby in case of emergencies. Educate users about safe operating procedures and the dangers of unattended fires.

Materials and Tools Required

The following list outlines the necessary materials and tools for building an outdoor wood burning stove:

Materials:

Fire bricks
Refractory cement (also known as fire clay mortar)
Steel drum (55-gallon or similar size)
Metal piping (for the chimney)
Grate (for the firebox floor)
Metal sheet (for the stove door and top)
Insulation (optional, for improved heat retention)
Sand or gravel (for the base)

Tools:

Shovel
Level
Measuring tape
Mixing tub
Trowel
Welder (if modifying the steel drum)
Angle grinder (with cutting and grinding discs)
Drill (with metal drill bits)
Safety glasses
Work gloves
Ear protection

Construction Process

The construction process involves several key steps, from preparing the base to installing the chimney. Adhere to these steps to ensure a structurally sound and functional stove:

Preparing the Base: Excavate the area where the stove will be located to a depth of approximately 6 inches. Fill the excavation with a layer of sand or gravel, compacting it thoroughly to create a level and stable base. This base will provide support for the stove and prevent it from sinking into the ground.

Preparing the Steel Drum: If using a steel drum, clean it thoroughly to remove any residue or contaminants. Cut an opening for the firebox door using an angle grinder. The size of the opening should be sufficient to allow for easy loading of wood. Cut a hole in the top of the drum for the chimney. The diameter of the hole should match the diameter of the metal piping. If desired, cut a hole near the bottom of the drum for airflow regulation. This can be covered with an adjustable metal plate.

Lining the Firebox: The firebox must be lined with fire bricks to withstand the high temperatures. Mix refractory cement according to the manufacturer's instructions. Apply a layer of cement to the base of the drum and place the first layer of fire bricks. Continue layering the bricks, using cement to bind them together. Ensure that the bricks are tightly fitted and that there are no gaps between them. The lining should extend up to the height of the firebox door opening. A grate made of metal bars should be placed at the bottom of inner layering of fire bricks to provide ventilation for the fire. This layering process must be very precise to avoid future problems with the stove. It's recomended to read some articles regarding refractory materials used in furnace building.

Constructing the Chimney: The chimney is essential for venting smoke and creating draft. Securely attach the metal piping to the hole in the top of the drum. Use metal screws or welding to ensure a strong and airtight connection. The chimney should extend at least 10 feet above the ground to provide adequate draft. Install a spark arrestor at the top of the chimney to prevent embers from escaping.

Building the Stove Door: Cut a piece of metal sheet to the size of the firebox door opening. Attach hinges to the door and the drum, allowing the door to swing open and closed. Install a latch or handle to secure the door in the closed position. The seal must be proper to achieve the optimal efficiency.

Adding Insulation (Optional): To improve heat retention, consider adding insulation to the exterior of the stove. Wrap the stove with a layer of mineral wool or ceramic fiber insulation and secure it with metal wire or mesh. This will help to retain heat and improve the stove's efficiency. The insulation must be fire proof and weather resistant.

Safety Precautions and Considerations

Operating an outdoor wood burning stove requires adherence to safety precautions to prevent accidents and injuries. The following key points outline essential safety considerations:

Clearance from Combustibles: Maintain a safe clearance between the stove and any combustible materials. A minimum clearance of 10 feet is recommended. This includes dry vegetation, wooden structures, and flammable liquids. Trim overhanging branches and remove any debris that could potentially catch fire.

Supervision: Never leave the stove unattended while it is in use. Designate a responsible adult to supervise the fire at all times. Monitor the fire closely and be prepared to extinguish it quickly if necessary.

Fire Extinguisher and Water Source: Keep a fire extinguisher or a readily available water source nearby. Ensure that the fire extinguisher is properly charged and that everyone knows how to use it. A garden hose or buckets of water can also be used to extinguish small fires.

Proper Ventilation: Ensure that the stove is properly ventilated to prevent carbon monoxide buildup. Carbon monoxide is a colorless and odorless gas that can be deadly. Never use the stove indoors or in enclosed spaces. Always operate the stove in a well-ventilated area.

Ash Disposal: Dispose of ashes properly. Allow the ashes to cool completely before disposing of them in a metal container with a tight-fitting lid. Keep the container away from combustible materials. Never dispose of ashes in a plastic container or a paper bag, as they can reignite and cause a fire.

Spark Arrestor Maintenance: Regularly inspect and clean the spark arrestor to ensure that it is functioning properly. A clogged spark arrestor can restrict airflow and increase the risk of embers escaping. Remove any debris or buildup from the spark arrestor using a wire brush.

Child and Pet Safety: Keep children and pets away from the stove while it is in use. The stove can become extremely hot and can cause burns. Establish a safety zone around the stove and ensure that children and pets are aware of the dangers.

Smoke Management: Be mindful of smoke and its potential impact on neighbors. Burn dry, seasoned wood to minimize smoke production. Avoid burning trash or other materials that can create noxious fumes. Consider wind direction and adjust the stove's location or operation to minimize smoke nuisance.

Regular Inspection and Maintenance: Regularly inspect the stove for signs of damage or wear. Check for cracks in the fire bricks, leaks in the chimney, and corrosion on the metal surfaces. Repair any damage promptly to prevent further deterioration and ensure safe operation.

Educate all Users: Ensure that all users are properly trained on the safe operation of the stove. Provide clear instructions on how to light the fire, control the airflow, and extinguish the fire. Emphasize the importance of safety precautions and the potential dangers of unattended fires.

By following these guidelines and adhering to safety precautions, an outdoor wood burning stove can provide a safe and enjoyable source of heat and cooking for years to come.